Copper Sulphate CuSO4 x 5H2O
Product Description | Product Application | Product Notes| Product DOSE
Copper sulfate exporter and stockist in India and the Middle East. We are keeping ready stock of materials to complete our regular customer demand locally and globally. High-quality range of Copper Sulp.
Copper sulfate exporter and stockist in India and the Middle East. We are keeping ready stock of materials to complete our regular customer demand locally and globally. High-quality range of Copper Sulphate, Cupric Sulphate, Copper Sulphate Crystal, Copper Offered Copper/Cupric Sulphate, Copper Sulphate Crystal, Copper are well-known for the features like long working life, high functionality, and low maintenance.
There are plenty of Copper Sulfate Applications which can be studied through out our website.
Restoring Copper in Soil & Livestock Simple Solutions
Copper, A Key Mineral For Life Sustaining Organisms And How Copper Sulfate Plays A Role
Copper is needed to sustain life - Human, Animal or Plant.
Most living cells in us created by the good Lord himself experiences the benefits of copper or is reliant on copper for proper functionality. The purity of our copper sulfate makes it one of the best supplemental copper additives for soil and livestock.
If you already know the copper deficiency problems pertaining to soil or livestock and you know your requirements for copper sulfate, you can go to our products page and place your order. All of our fifty pound bags of copper sulfate are the highest purity of copper sulfate. If you need more information or would like to know more please read on.
Listed below is a brief summary of the information you will find for Copper Deficiency sub pages.
Soil:
Farmers that observe copper deficiencies are almost always managers striving for optimal yields. Their fertility management often includes manure and above average rates of fertilizer application. In many instances, their first indication of copper deficiency are crops with yield and quality consistently below expectations.
A copper deficiency can result in early aging or lowered levels of chlorophyll, which leads to yield reductions that go unnoticed if the deficiency is not severe.
Many symptoms of copper deficiency may be confused with frost damage, insect damage, diseases and herbicide injury. Some herbicide/cereal interactions have been documented on copper deficient soils.
Livestock:
Marginal to severe copper deficiency in cattle is widespread across the United States.
Forage surveys conducted across the United States overwhelmingly reveal forage samples that are marginally to severely deficient in copper
It is widely known that copper deficiency in cattle results in reduced reproductive efficiency and performance.
Reproductive problems cost beef producers about $15.00 per cow per year. This translates into $750 per year for a 50-cow herd.
Copper is needed by a variety of key systems in the body.
Some signs are decreased conception rates; increased days open; hoof problems; depressed immunity; anemia; reduced growth rate and, in some cases, diarrhea......
Proper copper nutrition is essential for a healthy immune system in cattle.
Do not skimp on mineral supplementation during spring and summer months when forage quality is good. Remember that most soils are deficient in copper so the forages grown on those soils will be deficient too
Code: RXSOL-19-1277-050
Other Equivalent Brand
CAS No.: 7758-98-7, Copper Sulfate
Short Description:
Copper sulphate, blue stone, blue vitriol are all common names for pentahydrated cupric sulphate, Cu S04 5 H20, which is the best known and the most widely used of the copper salts.
Generic Name:
Blue Vitriol
Information:
Copper Sulphate - Product Range : https://youtube.com/shorts/1TCFJ8Ku6NM?feature=share
Active Matter: 98-99
Copper Sulphate CuSO4 x 5H2O
Application:
With the help of their experienced quality indian suppliers professionals, they have been able to offer Copper/Cupric Sulphate, Copper Sulphate Crystal, Copper in various ranges and models. There.
With the help of their experienced quality indian suppliers professionals, they have been able to offer Copper/Cupric Sulphate, Copper Sulphate Crystal, Copper in various ranges and models.
Using Procedure:
Uses of Copper Compounds: Table A - Uses of Copper Sulphate Classification Applications Agriculture Major uses Preparation of Bordeaux and Bu.
Uses of Copper Compounds: Table A - Uses of Copper Sulphate
| Classification | Applications |
| Agriculture | |
| Major uses | Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures for use as fungicides |
| Manufacture of other copper fungicides such as copper-lime dust, tribasic | |
| copper sulphate, copper carbonate and cuprous oxide | |
| Manufacture of insecticides such as copper arsenite and Paris green | |
| Control of fungus diseases (see below) | |
| Correction of copper deficiency in soils | |
| Correction of copper deficiency in animals | |
| Growth stimulant for fattening pigs and broiler chickens | |
| Molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke | |
| Other uses | Seed dressing |
| Soil steriliser, e.g. Cheshunt compound (a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate) to prevent "damping-off" disease of tomato, etc. | |
| Control and prevention of foot rot in sheep and cattle | |
| Bacteriastat for addition to sheep dips | |
| Disinfectant in prevention of the spread of swine erysepelas and white scours in calves | |
| Control of scum in farm ponds | |
| Plant nutrient in rice fields | |
| Preservative for wooden posts, wooden buildings, etc. | |
| Preservative for wooden fruit boxes, planting baskets and other containers | |
| Ingredient of vermin repellents, e.g. for application to bark of trees against rabbits | |
| Stimulant of latex yield on rubber plantations | |
| Protection against algal growths on flower pots | |
| Public Health and Medicine | |
| Destruction of algal blooms in reservoirs and swimming pools | |
| Prevention of the spread of athletes foot in warm climates, by incorporation in the flooring mixture of swimming baths | |
| Control of bilharzia in tropical countries, as a molluscicide | |
| Prevention of malaria, in the preparation of Paris green for use against mosquito larvae | |
| Antiseptic and germicide against fungus infections | |
| Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products | |
| Industry | |
| Adhesives | Preservative in casein and other glues |
| Additive to bookbinding pastes and glues, for insecticidal purposes | |
| Additive to animal and silicate glues to give water resistance | |
| Building | Timber preservative and in the preparation of other wood preservatives, e.g. oil based copper naphthenates and water based copper/chrome/arsenic for the |
| prevention of woodworms and wood rots | |
| Ingredient of plaster to prevent fungus infection, e.g. to prevent the spread of dry rot | |
| Ingredient of concrete, both as a colouring matter and as an antiseptic, e.g. for use in and around swimming pools | |
| Modification of the setting of concrete | |
| Protection against lichens, moulds and similar growths on asbestos cement roofing and other building materials | |
| Control of the growth of tree roots in sewers | |
| Chemical | Preparation of catalysts for use in many industries |
| Purification of gases, e.g. removal of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen sulphide | |
| Precipitation promoter in purifying zinc sulphate solutions | |
| Precipitation of alkaloids as double salts from crude extracts | |
| Source of other copper compounds such as copper carbonate silicate/arsenite/ | |
| aceto-arsenite/resinate/stearate/tartrate/oleate naphthenate/chromate/chlorate | |
| /alginate/fluoride/hydroxide, cuprous oxide/chloride/cyanide and | |
| cuprammonium compounds | |
| Decorative trades | Colouring glass |
| Colouring cement and plaster | |
| Colouring ceramic wares | |
| Alteration of metal colours, e.g. darkening of zinc, colouring aluminium | |
| Dyestuffs | Reagent in the preparation of dyestuffs intermediates |
| Catalyst or raw material for the preparation of copper catalysts, e.g. preparation of phenols from diazo compounds, preparation of phthalocyanine dyes | |
| Leather and | Mordant in dyeing |
| Reagent in tanning processes | |
| Metal and | Electrolyte in copper refining |
| electrical | Electrolyte in copper plating and electro forming |
| Electrolytic manufacture of cuprous compounds, e.g. cuprous oxide | |
| Constituent of the electrodes and electrolytes in batteries | |
| Electrolyte in the manufacture of copper powder | |
| Electrolyte in aluminium plating and anodising | |
| Copper coating steel wire, prior to wire drawing | |
| Pickling copper wire, etc., prior to enamelling | |
| Providing a suitable surface for marking out iron and steel | |
| Mining | Flotation reagent in the concentration of ores, e.g. zinc blende |
| Paint | Raw material for the manufacture of copper naphthenate and other copper compounds for use in anti-fouling paints |
| Preparation of certain varnish or paint dryers, e.g. copper oleate, copper stearate | |
| Preparation of certain pigments, e.g. copper chromate, copper ferrocyanide, copper phthalocyanine | |
| Printing | Etching agent for process engraving |
| Electrolyte in the preparation of electrotype | |
| Ingredient of printing inks | |
| Synthetic rubber | Preparation of catalysts used in cracking certain gaseous and liquid petroleum |
| and petroleum | Fractions |
| Preparation of cuprous chloride, used in the purification of butadiene and in the separation of acetylene derivatives | |
| Preparation of catalysts used in chlorinating rubber latex | |
| Purification of petroleum oils | |
| Textiles | Preparation of copper compounds for rot-proofing canvas and other fabrics |
| Rot-proofing sandbags | |
| Mordant, especially in calico printing | |
| Cuprammonium process for the production of rayon | |
| Production of aniline black and diazo colours for dyeing | |
| "After coppering" to increase the fastness of dyes | |
| Catalyst in the manufacture of cellulose ethers and in cellulose acetylation | |
| Miscellaneous | Improving the burning qualities of coke |
| Laboratory analytical work | |
| Ingredient of laundry marking ink | |
| Dyeing of hair and horn | |
| Ingredient of hair dyes of the phenylene diamine or pyrogallol type | |
| Preparation of chlorophyll as a colouring material for food stuffs | |
| Imparting a green colour in fireworks | |
| Activator in the preparation of active carbons | |
| Preservative for wood pulp | |
| Preservation of fishing nets and hides on trawls | |
| Obtaining a blue-black finish on steel | |
| Treatment of carbon brushes | |
| Ingredient of the solution used for preserving plant specimens in their natural colours | |
| Impregnation in fruit wrapping papers to prevent storage rots |
Note:
Uses of Copper Compounds: Other Copper Compounds Copper Acetates Basic copper acetate (verdigris) was at one time made in France by interleaving copper metal sheets with fermented grape skins a.
Uses of Copper Compounds: Other Copper Compounds
Copper Acetates
Basic copper acetate (verdigris) was at one time made in France by interleaving copper metal sheets with fermented grape skins and dregs left after wine manufacture. After some time when the copper sheets had become coated with verdigris they were removed, exposed to the air for a few days and then replaced. This process was repeated until the whole sheet had become corroded. The resulting product was known as blue verdigris and was used as a fungicide at 1 kg basic copper acetate in 500 litres water.
Present manufacture is based on the action of acetic acid on copper metal, copper oxide or copper carbonate. They can also be prepared by treating a copper sulphate solution with lead acetate. Copper acetates are used as an intermediate in the manufacture of Paris green (cupric aceto-arsenite); as a catalyst in a number of organic reactions including rubber aging; as a chemical in textile dyeing; and as a pigment for ceramics. Copper acetates have also been used for impregnating kraft paper to produce an anti-tarnish wrapping paper for high grade silver ware.
Cuprous Oxide
Can be produced either electrolytically from copper or by the action of alkaline reducing agents on copper sulphate solutions. Formulated proprietary brands of cuprous oxide are extensively employed as fungicides and seed dressings. Another important application is in anti-fouling paints. Other uses include the colouring of porcelain and glass.
Cupric Oxide (black copper oxide)
Can be produced either by adding caustic soda to hot copper sulphate solutions or by treating copper scale with nitric acid and heating to redness. Cupric oxide is used in the ceramic industry for imparting blue, green or red tints in glasses, glazes and enamels. It is occasionally employed for incorporation in mineral supplements for insuring against an insufficiency of copper in the diet of animals. Among its other uses is the preparation of cuprammonium hydroxide solutions for the rayon industry.
Cupric Chloride
Obtained either by dissolving cupric oxide in hydrochloric acid or by the action of chlorine on copper. Its principal use is in the petroleum industry for sweetening (catalytic oxidation of the mercaptans) and as an ingredient of catalysts for other chemical processes. It is also used as a mordant in calico printing and dyeing.
Copper Oxychloride
Is a basic copper chloride and is usually manufactured either by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper metal or by the air oxidation of cuprous chloride suspensions. It has a number of applications, by far the most important being as an agricultural fungicide for which purpose it is extensively employed in formulated form as dusts, wettable powders and pastes.
Cuprous Chloride
Prepared either by heating a solution of cupric chloride with copper turnings or by the action of a reducing agent, such as sulphur dioxide, on a mixture of common salt and copper sulphate solution. The petroleum industry uses cuprous chloride in their "oil sweetening" process. Ammoniacal solutions of cuprous chloride are employed for the absorption of any carbon monoxide which may be present in a gas as an impurity.
Cupric Nitrate
Produced either by dissolving copper carbonate in nitric acid or direct from copper and nitric acid. It has a number of small uses, such as in ceramics, in dyeing as a mordant, in fireworks and in photography.
Copper Cyanide
Manufactured from sodium cyanide and copper sulphate. It is mainly used for copper electroplating.
Copper Soaps
Usually made by the interactlon of the corresponding soap with copper sulphate solution. Small quantities of these, such as copper stearate, copper oleate and copper abietate (from resins), are employed mainly for rot-proofing textiles, ropes, etc. They are also used in paints as they are soluble in oils, white spirits, etc.
Copper Naphthenate
Usually manufactured either from copper sulphate and naphthenic acid in combination with an alkali or by heating naphthenic acid and copper oxide. It is widely used as an oil-based wood preservative and as a rot-proofing agent.
Anhydrous and Monohydrated Copper Sulphate
Obtained by heating copper sulphate pentahydrate when four molecules water of crystallization are removed the product becomes copper sulphate monohydrate which is green in colour. At a higher temperature all the water of crystallization is removed and anhydrous copper sulphate is the white powder which results. They can also be obtained by crystallization from copper sulphate pentahydrate in boiling sulphuric acid. The main applications are in the production of proprietary wood preservatives and agricultural fungicides as well as for the production of a number of copper compounds. Sometimes they are utilised to detect the presence of moisture.
Metal Etching Using Copper Sulfate
Guaranteed Precision
The Improved Copper Sulfate Metal Etching Solution - Add Water
We continue to offer pure Copper Sulfate Crystals at wholesale prices for use in metal etching.
The improved Copper Sulfate Metal Etching product with an added catalyst to enhance performance, sharpen etching detail and extend the working life of the solution.Copper Sulfate is in stock and available for purchase on our Product Ordering page.
HOW Copper Sulfate WORKS for Etching:
Research and experimentation has led to a better solution for those who use straight copper sulfate for a metal etching solution. The traditional (non-copper sulfate) etching process uses harmful acids which release toxic vapors and require special handleing and practices. The use of a copper sulfate solution for etching has always been safer than the alternative and copper sulfate use for metal etching is steadily growing.. however, RXSOL Copper Sulfate provides what many feel are practical improvements over using plain copper sulfate in a metal etching solution. A saturated solution of plain copper sulfate crystals is an excellent mordant for zinc, aluminum, copper, brass and mild steel, but due to lack of a catalyst, etching is somewhat slow and the solution becomes exhausted quickly. The use of RXSOL Copper Sulfate instead of plain copper sulfate enhances the electrolytic eroding potential of copper sulfate to be harnessed more fully. We offer this outstanding alternative solution, RXSOL Copper Sulfate, pre-mixed and measured - Just add water!
The RXSOL Copper Sulfate solution activates the etch by diminishing the bond with water. Our RXSOL Copper Sulfate for etching zinc, aluminum, copper, brass and mild steel is about three times more active than a straight copper sulfate solution; it also produces a very crisp etch. During biting a coppery sediment of metal hydroxides and oxides floats to the surface, thus keeping the bitten work from clogging up. Etching can also be aided by occasionally brushing the plate surface with a soft brush; delicate marks, such as a spray aquatint or soft ground should, however, be etched without brushing. RXSOL Copper Sulfate works more effectively if floating solids are regularly skimmed off with a brush or strainer and removed from the bath. This keeps the solution from turning alkaline and extends its usable life.
MATERIALS
Products and Equipment needed to improve your etching experience:
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RXSOL Copper Sulfate
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supply of hot water
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heavy-duty gloves
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safety goggles
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dust mask
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wooden stick or stiff plastic brush for mixing
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bucket
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etching tray
METHOD
Mix Copper Sulfate as follows. (This example is for 4 pounds of RXSOL Copper Sulfate.)
As always put on gloves, dust mask, and safety goggles when handling even the safest of chemicals.
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Place RXSOL Copper Sulfate powder into a bucket or straight into the chosen etching tray.
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Add 1 gallon of hot water and stir with a wooden stick or a stiff brush. The solution turns into a green sludge.
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Then add 1 gallon of warm water stirring continuously. Most of the crystals should dissolve within 5 to 10 minutes of mixing, producing a dark green liquid.
Copper Sulfate Foot Bath for Livestock
Copper Sulfate for Foot Bath & Treatment of Foot Rot in Sheep & Cattle
For Foot Bath, Copper Sulfate can be used in a 5% to 10% solution (by weight) with immersion 3 or 4 times per week or for a period of time as prescribed by your veterinarian. The Copper Sulfate foot bath solution should be changed every 150 to 200 cows depending on the concentration of copper sulfate, use of a pre-bath, and comtamination of the bath. Determine the volume of the hoof bath and calculate the amount of Copper Sulfate carefully. Do not use more Copper Sulfate than is recommended by your veterinarian. By placing a clean water bath in front of the treatment bath, the animals will clean their hoofs to some extent and keep the hoof bath effective for a longer period of time. If your veterinarian recommends hoof bath, use as an aid in the treatment of foot rot in cattle. Hoof baths should only be part of an overall program that includes proper nutrition, regular hoof trimming, and hoof injury prevention. Keep animals out of wet, muddy or stony areas where hoofs can soften and be injured.
Technical Specifications:
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Copper Sulphate-CuSO4 x 5H2O |
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(CuSO4X5H2O) |
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>98,20% |
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Humidity |
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max. 2% |
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Water insoluble |
0.01% |
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(Acidity) Free H2SO4 |
> 0.10% |
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Ph: |
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Cu |
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>24.94% |
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Fe: |
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>0.05% |
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Ni: |
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19.6mg/kg |
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Pb: |
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25.9mk/kg |
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As: |
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>0.012% |
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Cd: |
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<5.00mg/kg |
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Hg: |
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<0.10 mg/kg |
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F: |
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<5.00mg/kg |
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Appearance |
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Crystal/Liquid |
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Dimension(crystal size) |
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80-800µ |
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Colour: |
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Blue |
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Density: |
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~1.188 g/sm³ |
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Remarks:
Uses of Copper Compounds: Copper Sulphate
Copper sulphate, blue stone, blue vitriol are all common names for pentahydrated cupric sulphate, Cu S04 5 H20, which is the best known and the most widely used of the copper salts. Indeed it is often the starting raw material for the production of many of the other copper salts. Today in the world there are more than 100 manufacturers and the world's consumption is around 200,000 tons per annum of which it is estimated that approximately three-quarters is used in agriculture, principally as a fungicide.
Manufacture In the production of copper sulphate virgin copper is seldom, if ever, used as the starting raw material. Copper ores are used in countries where these are mined. For the bulk of the world's production nonferrous scrap is the general source. The scrap is refined and the molten metal poured into water to produce roughly spherical porous pieces about the size of marbles which are termed "shot". This shot is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid in the presence of air to produce a hot saturated liquor which, if the traditional large crystals of copper sulphate are required, is allowed to cool slowly in large cooling vats into which strips of lead are hung to provide a surface for the crystals to grow on. If the granulated (snow) crystal grades are desired, the cooling process is accelerated by agitating the liquor in water cooled vessels.
Other methods of production are:
- By heating copper scrap with sulphur to produce copper sulphide which is then oxidised to form copper sulphate.
- By heating copper sulphide ores to produce copper oxide which is then treated with sulphuric acid to form copper sulphate.
- By slow leaching in air of piles of low grade ore. Bacterial action is sometimes employed to hasten the process. A solution of copper sulphate drains away from such heaps.
Commercially copper sulphate contains 25 % metallic copper and is sold with a guaranteed minimum purity of 98 % copper sulphate. It is produced in a number of grades varying from large crystal lumps, of 25 mm or more in diameter from which it appropriately derives the name bluestone, to very fine powders of almost the fineness of talcum powder. The four commonest grades, based on crystal diameter sizes, are:
- Large crystals (from 10 mm to 40 mm)
- Small crystals (from 2 mm to 10 mm)
- Granulated or snow crystals (less than 2 mm)
- Windswept powder (less than 0.15 mm)
Uses of Copper Sulfates
Copper sulphate is a very versatile chemical with as extensive a range of uses in industry as it has in agriculture. Its principal employment is in agriculture, and this role is described in some detail in the next section.
Up to a generation or so ago about its only uses in the industry were as a mordant for dyeing and for electroplating, but today it is being employed in many industrial processes. The synthetic fibre industry has found an application for it in the production of their raw material. The metal industry uses large quantities of copper sulphate as an electrolyte in copper refining, for copper coating steel wire prior to wire drawing and in various copper plating processes. The mining industry employs it as an activator in the concentration by froth flotation of lead, zinc, cobalt and gold ores. The printing trade takes it as an electrolyte in the production of electrotype and as an etching agent for process engraving. The paint industry uses it in anti-fouling paints and it plays a part in the colouring of glass. Indeed, today there is hardly an industry which does not have some small use for copper sulphate.
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Uses of Copper Compounds: General Uses
To trace the history of copper compounds it would be necessary to go back much further than the fourth millennium BC. Records found in the tombs of the early Egyptians suggest that, at least, this ancient civilisation employed copper sulphate as a mordant in their dyeing process. Today, more than 5,000 years later, copper sulphate is still employed by the world's dyeing industry in the after treatment of certain dyes to improve their fastness to light and washing.
Another equally early recorded use for copper compounds was for the making of ointments and other medical preparations. Later, the Greek civilisation of the pre-Christian era of Hypocrates (circa 400 BC) saw the prescribing of copper sulphate for pulmonary diseases and by the 18th century AD it had come into wide clinical use in the western world, being employed for the treatment of mental disorders and afflictions of the lungs.
It is noteworthy that copper sulphate has lost none of its effectiveness over the centuries, neither have any harmful side effects been reported. Copper sulphate is still, however, highly prized by some inhabitants of Africa and Asia for healing sores and skin diseases. In the West it is widely used in baby foods and in mineral and vitamin tonics and pills.
Copper has a wide spectrum of effectiveness against the many biological agents of timber and fabric decay. It renders them unpalatable to insects and protects them from fungus attack. Copper sulphate has been in use since 1838 for preserving timber and is today the base for many proprietary wood preservatives.
The discovery more than 80 years ago that many algae are highly susceptible to copper, led to the use of copper salts by water engineers to prevent the development of algae in potable water reservoirs. They are also employed to control green slime and similar algal scums in farm ponds, rice fields, irrigation and drainage canals, rivers, lakes and swimming pools.
Another well known use for copper compounds is as a molluscicide for the control of slugs and snails. Less than one part of copper per million parts of water can control disease-transmitting aquatic snails, which are responsible for schistosomiasis or bilharzia in humans in tropical countries and fascioliasis or liver fluke of animals in both tropical and temperate climates.
Uses of Copper Compounds: Agricultural Uses
Copper compounds have their most extensive employment in agriculture where the first recorded use was in 1761, when it was discovered that seed grains soaked in a weak solution of copper sulphate inhibited seed-borne fungi. By 1807 the steeping of cereal seeds in a copper sulphate solution for a limited time and then drying them with hydrated lime became the standard farming practice for controlling stinking smut or bunt of wheat, which by then was endemic wherever wheat was grown. Flour milled from bunted wheat had to be fed to animals or sold cheaply to ginger bread makers who had found a way of masking its bad taste and color with ginger and treacle. Within a few decades, so general and effective had become the practice of treating seed grains with copper sulphate that the appearance of more than a few bunted ears in a field of wheat was looked upon as a sign of neglect on the part of the farmer. So well have copper compounds controlled bunt that today this seed-borne disease is no longer of any economic importance.
The greatest breakthrough for copper salts undoubtedly came in the 1880's when the French scientist Millardet, while looking for a cure for downy mildew disease of vines in the Bordeaux district of France, chanced to notice that those vines, bordering the highways and which had been daubed with a paste of copper sulphate and lime in water in order to make the grapes unattractive to passers-by, appeared freer of downy mildew. This chance observation led to experiments with mixtures of copper sulphate, lime and water and in 1885 Millardet announced to the world that he had found a cure for the dreaded mildew. This mixture became known as Bordeaux mixture and saw the commencement of protective crop spraying.
Within a year or two of the discovery of Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy mixture, which also takes its name from the district of France in which it was first used, appeared on the scene. Burgundy mixture is prepared from copper sulphate and sodium carbonate (soda crystals) and is analogous to Bordeaux mixture.
Trials with Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures against various fungus diseases of plants soon established that many plant diseases could be prevented with small amounts of copper applied at the right time and in the correct manner. From then onwards copper fungicides have been indispensable and many thousands of tons are used annually all over the world to prevent plant diseases.
As a generalization, soils would be considered copper deficient if they contain less than two parts per million available copper in the context of plant health. However, where the soil contains less than five parts per million available copper, symptoms of copper deficiency may be expected in animals. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers which contain little or no copper are denuding soils of readily available copper and creating a deficiency of the element in plants and through them in animals. Copper compounds are now being added to the ever increasing copper deficient soils either direct or in combination with commercial fertilizers. This is particularly the case where the fertilizers are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. Animals grazing on copper deficient pastures or obtaining an inadequate amount of copper through their normal diet will benefit from mineral supplements containing copper.
Copper sulphate, because of its fungicidal and bactericidal properties, has been employed as a disinfectant on farms against storage rots and for the control and prevention of certain animal diseases, such as foot rot of sheep and cattle.
Uses of Copper Compounds: Copper Sulphate's Role in Agriculture
Copper sulphate has many agricultural uses (see below ) but the following are the more important ones:
- Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures on the farm
- Control of fungus diseases
- Correction of copper deficiency in soils
- Correction of copper deficiency in animals
- Stimulation of growth for fattening pigs and broiler chickens
- A molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke
Preparation of Bordeaux and Burgundy Mixtures on the Farm
Because of their importance to farmers, instructions concerning the dissolving of copper sulphate and the preparation of both Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures have been included in the text.
Dissolving Copper Sulphate
Iron or galvanised vessels must not be used for the preparation of copper sulphate solutions. Plastic vessels, now freely available, are light and very convenient. To make a strong solution, hang a jute sack of copper sulphate so that the bottom of it dips a few inches only in the water. The copper sulphate will dissolve overnight. Copper sulphate dissolves in cold water to the extent of about 3 kg per 10 litres. If more than this is placed in the sack described above, then a saturated solution will be obtained and it may be used without serious error on the basis that it contains 3 kg copper sulphate per 10 litres.
Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture
Bordeaux mixture is prepared in various strengths from copper sulphate, hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) and water. The conventional method of describing its composition is to give the weight of copper sulphate, the weight of hydrated lime and the volume of water in that order. The percentage of the weight of copper sulphate to the weight of water employed determines the concentration of the Bordeaux mixture. Thus a 1% Bordeaux mixture, which is the normal, would have the formula 1 :1:100the first 1 representing 1 kg copper sulphate, the second representing 1 kg hydrated lime, and the 100 representing 100 litres (100 kg) water. As copper sulphate contains 25% copper metal, the copper content of a 1% Bordeaux mixture would be 0-25 % copper. The quantity of lime used can be reduced considerably. Actually 1 kg copper sulphate requires only 0.225 kg of chemically pure hydrated lime to precipitate all the copper. Good proprietary brands of hydrated lime are now freely available but, as even these deteriorate on storage, it is safest not to exceed a ratio of 2:1. i.e. a 1:0.5:100 mixture.
In preparing Bordeaux mixture, the copper sulphate is dissolved in half the required amount of water in a wooden or plastic vessel. The hydrated lime is mixed with the balance of the water in another vessel. The two "solutions" are then poured together through a strainer into a third vessel or spray tank.
Preparation of a 1% Burgundy Mixture
Dissolve separately 1 kg copper sulphate in 50 litres water and 125 kg washing soda (or 0.475 kg soda ash) in 50 litres water and slowly add the soda solution to the copper sulphate solution with stirring. Control of fungus diseases
Bordeaux and Burgundy mixtures have been found effective in controlling a whole host of fungus diseases of plants. Normally a 0.5 % to 1 % Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture applied at 2 to 3 week intervals suffices to control most copper-susceptible fungi.
Generally, once the fungus spores have alighted on the host plant and penetrated the tissues it is difficult to control them. The principle of control must in most cases depend on protection, ie preventing the fungus spores from entering the host tissues. Copper fungicides are noted for their tenacity and for this reason, are much to be preferred in areas of high rainfall.
The simplest method of control is to apply a protective coating of Bordeaux or Burgundy mixture (or other copper fungicides) to the susceptible parts of the plant, so that spores alighting on them come in contact with the protective film of copper and are killed instantly. It is thus important to remember that the first spraying must ideally be made just before the disease is expected and continued at intervals throughout the susceptible period. For this reason it is important to take advantage of the early warning schemes which are in operation to ensure greater accuracy of the timing of the first spraying.
It must also be remembered that fungi are plants and that control measures that will kill them may not always leave the host plant unaffected. The use of too concentrated a fungicide mixture must, therefore, be guarded against, particularly for the early sprays.
Copper fungicides have been reported effective against numerous plant diseases. A list, by no means exhaustive, of some 300 diseases that have been found amenable to control by copper fungicides, appears in Table B.
Correction of Copper Deficiency in Soils
Where copper deficiency has been confirmed by soil analysis or field diagnosis, whether in plants or animals, it can be corrected very simply either by applying 50 kg copper sulphate per hectare in the form of a fertiliser before sowing or by spraying the foliage of the young cereal plants, when they are about 150 mm high, with 750 grams copper sulphate (dissolved in from 400 to 2,000 litres water) per hectare. The soil application has generally given the better results and has the advantage that it may have a residual effect for more than ten years. The foliar application has to be given annually to each crop. An alternative is to add a copper containing slag (normally about 1% to 2 % copper) at a rate of a tonne to the hectare.
Correction of Copper Deficiency in Animals
A method of correcting copper deficiency in livestock is to treat the soil on which animals graze. For example, in Australia and New Zealand swayback in lambs is being prevented by top dressing copper deficient pastures with 5 to 10 kg copper sulphate per hectare some time before lambing begins.
Other methods include drenching periodically with a copper sulphate solution; incorporating copper sulphate in salt and other animal licks; or by what is probably the most general method, incorporating copper sulphate along with other minerals and vitamins in the form of carefully blended supplements in the feeding stuffs.
Stimulation of Growth for Fattening Pigs and Broiler Chickens
The inclusion of up to as much as 0.1% copper sulphate in the diet of bacon and pork pigs and broiler chickens stimulates appetite and produces increased growth rate with a marked improvement in feed conversion.
A molluscicide for the destruction of slugs and snails, particularly the snail host of the liver fluke. All likely habitats of the liver fluke snail should be treated with copper sulphate at the rate of 25 kg to the hectare at least twice a year in June and August (northern hemisphere) or December and February (southern hemisphere).
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We offering services as manufacturers and suppliers of quality industrial chemicals. With the offered range comprising Copper Sulphate Powder, Copper Carbonate and Copper Sulphate Crystals, these feature precision formulation standards and processed using well equipped infrastructure support so as to deliver best possible quality finish. We also ensure that the chemicals are processed in an eco-friendly way that ensures surrounding environment is not harmed. Further, as complete range is processed in hygienic laboratories and well defined processes, these are renowned for accurate composition, pH value and purity levels, thus making the products highly demanded in the market.
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We offering services as manufacturers and suppliers of quality industrial chemicals. With the offered range comprising Copper Sulphate Powder, Copper Carbonate and Copper Sulphate Crystals, these feature precision formulation standards and processed using well equipped infrastructure support so as to deliver best possible quality finish. We also ensure that the chemicals are processed in an eco-friendly way that ensures surrounding environment is not harmed. Further, as complete range is processed in hygienic laboratories and well defined processes, these are renowned for accurate composition, pH value and purity levels, thus making the products highly demanded in the market.
Copper compounds
Copper carbonate
Copper sulphate/blue vitriol/blue copperas
Uses of Copper Compounds: Table B - Plant Diseases Amenable to Control by Copper Fungicides
| Disease | ||
| Plant | Common name | Pathogen |
| Almond | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
| Aloe | Anthracnose | Colletotrichum agaves |
| Antirrhinum | Rust | Puccinia antirrhini |
| Apple | Pink disease | Corticium salmonicolor |
| Fireblight | Erwinia amylovora | |
| Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
| Canker | Nectria galligena | |
| Blotch | Phyllosticta solitaria | |
| Black rot | Physalospora obtusa | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa | |
| Scab | Venturia inaequalis | |
| Apricot | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Areca Nut | Thread blight | Corticium koleroga |
| Arrowroot | Banded leaf blight | Corticium solani |
| Artichoke (Globe) | Ramularia cynarae | |
| Asparagus | Rust | Puccinia asparagi |
| Avocado | Fruit spot | Cercospora purpurea |
| Anthracnose (Black spot) | Glomerella cingulata | |
| Bacterial rot | Pseudomonas syringae | |
| Scab | Sphaceloma perseae | |
| Azalea | Flower spot | Ovulinia azaleae |
| Banana | Black rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
| Helminthosporiosis | Helminthosporium sp. | |
| Sigatoka disease (Leaf spot) | Mycosphaerella musicola | |
| Barley | Snow damage | Typhula itoana |
| Covered smut | Ustilago hordei | |
| Bean (Broad) | Leaf spot | Asochyta pisi |
| Chocolate spot | Botrytis cinerea | |
| Rust | Uromyces fabae | |
| Bean (French and Runner) | Anthracnose | Colletotrichum lindemuthianum |
| Powdery mildew | Erysiphe polygoni | |
| Halo blight | Pseudomonas medicaginis var phaseolicola | |
| Rust | Uromyces appendiculatus | |
| Common blight | Xanthomonas phaseoli | |
| Begonia | Mildew | Oidium begoniae |
| Betel | Leaf spot | Bacterium betle |
| Leaf spot | Glomeralla cingulata | |
| Foot rot | Phytophthora colocasiae | |
| Leaf rot | Phytophthora parasitica | |
| Blackberry | Cane spot | Elsinoe veneta |
| Blueberry | Powdery mildew | Microsphaera alni var. vaccinii |
| Leaf rust | Pucciniastrum myrtilli | |
| Fruit rot | Sclerotinia vaccinii-corymbosi | |
| Brassicas | Damping off | Oipidium brassicae |
| Downy mildew | Peronospora parasitica | |
| Black leg (Canker) | Phoma lingam | |
| Black rot | Xanthomonas campestris | |
| Cacao | Brown pod rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
| Witches' broom | Marasmius perniciosus | |
| Black pod rot | Phytophthora palmivora | |
| Calendula | Leaf spot | Cercospora calendulae |
| Carnation | Ring spot | Didymellina dianthi |
| Leaf spot | Septoria dianthi | |
| Rust | Uromyces dianthi | |
| Carrot | Blight | Alternaria dauci |
| Bacterial soft rot | Bacterium carotovorum | |
| Leaf spot | Cercospora carotae | |
| Cassava | Leaf spot | Cercospora henningsii |
| Castor oil | Leaf spot | Phyllosticta bosensis |
| Cattleya | Black rot | Phythium ultimum |
| Celery | Blight | Cercospora apii |
| Leaf spot | Septoria apii and Septoria apii graveolentis | |
| Cherry | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Leaf spot | Coccomyces hiemalis | |
| Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
| Leaf scorch | Gnomonia erythrostoma | |
| Bacterial canker | Pseudomonas mors-prunorum | |
| Brown rot (Blossom wilt) | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Scab | Venturia cerasi | |
| Chestnut | Blight | Endothia parasitica |
| Ink disease | Phytophthora cambivora | |
| Chilli | Blight (Leaf spot) | Cercospora capsici |
| Blight (Collar rot) | Phytophthora capsici | |
| Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas vesicatoria | |
| Chrysanthemum | Mildew | Oidium chrysanthemi |
| Rust | Puccinia chrysanthemi | |
| Leaf spot | Septoria chrysanthemella | |
| Cinchona | Damping off | Pythium vexans |
| Cineraria | Alternaria senecionis | |
| Citronella | Collar rot | |
| Citrus | Sooty mould | Aithaloderma citri |
| Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
| Melanose | Diaporthe citri | |
| Mal secco | Deuterophoma tracheiphila | |
| Scab | Elsinoe fawcetti | |
| Anthracnose (Wither tip) | Gloeosporium limetticola | |
| Sooty blotch | Leptothyrium pomi | |
| Black spot | Phoma citricarpa | |
| Brown rot | Phytophthora spp. | |
| Black pit | Pseudomonas syringae | |
| Septoria spot | Septoria depressa | |
| Canker | Xanthomonas citri | |
| Coffee | Brown eyespot | Cercospora coffeicola |
| Thread blight (Black rot) | Corticium koleroga | |
| Anthracnose (Die back) | Glomerella cingulata | |
| Rust | Hemileia vastatrix | |
| Berry disease | Colletotrichum coffeanum | |
| Conifers | Blight | Cercospora thujina |
| Coryneum blight | Coryneum berckmanii | |
| Canker | Coryneum cardinale | |
| Fusiform rust | Cronartium fusiforme | |
| Blister rust | Cronartium ribicola | |
| Leaf cast (of Kauri Pine) | Hendersonula agathi | |
| Needle cast (of Scots Pine) | Lophodermium pinastri | |
| Phomopsis blight | Phomopsis juniperovora | |
| Needle cast (of Douglas Fir) | Rhabdocline pseudotsugae | |
| Root rot | Rhizoctonia cROCCORRXum | |
| Cotton | Alternarii disease | Alternaria gossypii and Alternaria |
| macrospora | ||
| Sore shin | Corticium solani | |
| Cowpea | Scab | Cladosporium vignae |
| Cucurbits | Leaf blight | Alternaria cucumerina |
| Wet rot | Choanephora cucurbitarum | |
| Anthracnose | Colletotrichum lagenarium | |
| Wilt | Erwinia tracheiphila | |
| Powdery mildew | Erysiphe cichoracearum | |
| Black rot | Mycosphaerella citrullina | |
| Stem end rot | Physalospora rhodina | |
| Downy mildew | Pseudoperonospora cubensis | |
| Currant (Ribes) | Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella grossulariae and Mycosphaerella ribis |
| Leaf spot | Pseudopeziza ribis | |
| Cytisus | Die back | Ceratophorum setosum |
| Daffodil | White mould | Ramularia vallisumbrosae |
| Fire | Sclerotinia polyblastis | |
| Dahlia | Leaf spot | Phyllosticta dahliicola and Entyloma dahliae |
| Dalo | Leaf spot | Phytophthora colocasiae |
| Delphinium | Mildew | Erysiphe polygoni |
| Derris | Leaf spot | Colletotrichum derridis |
| Dogwood (Cornus) | Spot anthracnose | Elsinoe corni |
| Egg Plant | Leaf spot | Ascochyta melongenae |
| Damping off | Corticium solani | |
| Fig | Leaf fall and Fruit rot | Cercospora bolleana |
| Rust | Cerotelium fici | |
| Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
| Canker | Phomopsis cinerescens | |
| Blight | Phizoctonia microsclerotia | |
| Filbert | Bud blight | Xanthomonas corylina |
| Fruit trees | Crown gall | Bacterium tumefaciens |
| Gambier | White root rot | Fomes lignosus |
| Gardenia | Canker | Phomopsis gardenia |
| Gerbera | Leaf spot | Cercospora sp. |
| Ginseng | Blight | Alternaria panax |
| Gladiolus | Corm rot | Botrytis gladiolorum |
| Gooseberry | Die back | Botrytis cinerea |
| Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella grossulariae | |
| Cluster cup rust | Puccinia pringshemiana | |
| American mildew | Sphaerotheca mors-uvae | |
| Grasses | Snow mould | Calonectria graminicola |
| Red thread | Corticium fusiforme | |
| Brown patch of lawns | Rhizoctonia and Holminthosporium spp. | |
| Stripe smut | Ustilago striiformis | |
| Ground nut | Leaf spot | Cercospora arachidicola and Cercospora personate |
| Stem rot (Southern blight) | Sclerotium rolfsii | |
| Guava | Leaf spot | Cephaleuros mycoidea |
| Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
| Rust | Puccinia psidii | |
| Hellebore | Coniothyrium hellebori | |
| Hollyhock | Rust | Puccinia malvacearum |
| Hop | Downy mildew | Pseudoperonospora humuli |
| Powdery mildew | Sphaerotheca humuli | |
| Hydrangea | Mildew | Oidium hortensiae |
| Leek | Mildew | Peronospora destructor |
| White tip | Phytophthora porri | |
| Lettuce | Downy mildew | Bremia lactucae |
| Ring spot | Marssonina panattoniana | |
| Lily | Blight | Botrytis elliptica |
| Maize | Downy mildew | Sclerospora philippinensis |
| Mango | Red rust | Cephaleuros virescens |
| Anthracnose | Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | |
| Scab | Elsinoe mangiferae | |
| Bacterial black spot | Erwinia mangiferae | |
| Anthracnose | Gloeosporium mangiferae | |
| Powdery mildew | Oidium mangiferae | |
| Medlar | Scab | Venturia eriobotryae |
| Millet (Italian) | Smut | Ustilago crameri |
| Mushroom | White mould | Mycogone perniciosa |
| Bacterial blotch(Brown blotch) | Pseudomonas tolaasi | |
| Nectarine | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
| Oats | Loose smut | Ustilago avanae |
| Olive | Leaf spot | Cycloconium oleaginum |
| Onion | Downy mildew | Peronospora destructor |
| Orchids | Fusarium | Macrophoma and Diplodia spp. |
| Paeony | Blight | Botrytis peaoniae |
| Bud death | Sphaeropsis paeonia | |
| Palm ( Palmyra) | Leaf spot | Pestalotia palmarum |
| Passion fruit | Brown spot | Alternaria passiflorae |
| Grease spot | Pseudomonas passiflorae | |
| Pawpaw | Leaf spot | Ascochyta caricae |
| Anthracnose (Fruit rot) | Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | |
| Powdery mildew | Oidium caricae | |
| Hard rot | Phytophthora parasitica | |
| Peach | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa and Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Leaf curl | Taphrina deformans | |
| Pear | Scab ( America) | Cladosporium effusum |
| Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
| Firebiiglit | Erwinia amylovora | |
| Bitter rot | Glomerella cingulata | |
| Leaf spot (Leaf speck) | Mycosphaerella sentina | |
| Scab | Venturia pirina | |
| Pecan | Scab | Cladosporium effusum |
| Thread blight | Corticium koleroga | |
| Vein spot | Gnomonia nerviseda | |
| Liver spot | Gnomonia caryae var. pecanae | |
| Pepper(Red) | See Chilli) | |
| Persimmon | Canker | Phomopsis diospyri |
| Pineapple | Heart or stern rot | Phytophthora parasitica |
| Piper betle | (See Betel) | |
| Plantain | Black tip | Helminthosporium torulosum |
| Plum | Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum |
| Black rot | Dibotryon morbosum | |
| Bacterial canker | Pseudomonas mors-prunorum | |
| Wilt | Pseudomonas prunicola | |
| Rust | Puccinia pruni-spinosae | |
| Brown rot | Sclerotinia fructigena | |
| Blossom wilt | Sclerotinia laxa | |
| Watery rot (Pocket plums) | Taphrina pruni | |
| Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas pruni | |
| Poplar | Septogloeum populiperdun | |
| Poppy | Downy mildew | Peronospora arborescens |
| Potato | Early blight | Alternaria solani |
| Grey mould | Botrytis cinerea | |
| Blight (Late blight) | Phytophthora infestans | |
| Dry rot | Sclerotium rolfsii | |
| Quince | Brown rot | Sclerotinia fructigena |
| Shot hole | Clasterosporium carpophilum | |
| Raspberry | Spur blight | Didymella applanata |
| Cane spot (Anthracnose) | Elsinoe veneta | |
| Cane wilt | Leptosphaeria coniothyrium | |
| Rhododendron | Leaf scorch (Bud blast) | Pycnostysanus azaleae |
| Rhubarb | Downy mildew | Peronospora jaapiana |
| Rice | Brown spot | Ophiobolus miyabeanus |
| (Helmintliosporiosis) | ||
| Blast | Piricularia oryzae | |
| Rose | Black spot | Diplocarpon rosae |
| Downy mildew | Peronospora sparsa | |
| Rust | Phragmidium mucronatum | |
| Leaf spot (Anthracnose) | Sphaceloma rosarum | |
| Mildew | Sphaerotheca pannosa | |
| Rubber | American leaf disease | Dothidella ulei |
| White root rot | Fomes lignosus | |
| Leaf disease | Helminthosporium heveae | |
| Stem disease | Pestalotia palmarum | |
| Abnormal leaf fall | Phytophthora palmivora | |
| Rye grass | Blind seed | Phialea temulenta |
| Safflower | Rust | Puccinia carthami |
| Seedlings | Damping off | Pythium debaryanum, Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,etc |
| Sorghum | Covered smut | Sphacelotheca sorghi |
| Spinach | Leaf spot | Heterosporium variabile |
| Downy mildew | Peronospora effusa | |
| Spindle tree | Mildew | Oidium euonymi-japonicae |
| Stock | Leaf spot | Alternaria raphani |
| Strawberry | Leaf spot | Mycosphaerella fragariae |
| Sugar beet | Leaf spot | Cercospora beticola |
| Downy mildew | Peronospora schactii | |
| Sunflower | Rust | Puccinia helianthi |
| Wilt | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | |
| Sweet potato | Wilt | Fusarium spp. |
| Taro | Leaf spot | Phytophthora colocasiae |
| Tea | Black rot (Die back) | Botryodiplodia theobromae |
| Red rust | Cephaleuros niycoidea | |
| Blister blight | Exobasidium vexans | |
| Grey blight | Pestalotia theae | |
| Tobacco | Brown spot (Red rust) | Alternaria longipes |
| Leaf spot | Ascochyta nicotianae | |
| Frog eye | Cercospora nicotianae | |
| Blue mould (Downy mildew) | Peronospora tabacina | |
| Wildfire | Pseudomonas tabacum | |
| Tomato | Early blight | Alternaria solani |
| Leaf mould | Cladosporium fulvum | |
| Anthracnose | Colletotrichum phomoides | |
| Fruit rot | Didymella lycopersici | |
| Mildew | Leveilluia taurica | |
| Fruit rot | Phytophthora capsici | |
| Foot rot | Phytophthora cryptogea | |
| Blight (Late blight) | Phytophthora infestans | |
| Leaf spot | Septoria lycopersici | |
| Grey leaf spot | Stemphylium solani | |
| Bacterial spot | Xanthomonas vesicatoria | |
| Tuberose | Blight | Botrytis elliptica |
| Tung | Thread blight | Corticium koleroga |
| Veronica | Septoria exotici | |
| Vine (Grape) | "Coitre" | Coniothyrium diplodiella |
| Anthracnose | Elsinoe ampelina | |
| Black rot | Guignardia bidwellii | |
| Leaf spot | Isariopsis fuckelli | |
| Bitter rot | Melanconium fuligineum | |
| Angular leaf spot | Mycosphaerella angulata | |
| Downy mildew | Plasmopara viticola | |
| Totbrenner | Pseudopeziza tracheiphila | |
| Powdery mildew | Uncinula necator | |
| Vine (Sultana) | Sooty dew | Exosporium sultanae |
| Viola | Leaf spot | Centrospora acerina |
| Violet | Scab | Sphaceloma violae |
| Walnut | Ring spot | Ascochyta juglandis |
| Anthracnose (Blotch) | Gnomonia leptostyla | |
| Downy leaf spot | Microstroma juglandis | |
| Blight | Xanthomonas juglandis | |
| Wheat | Root rot | Gibberella zeae |
| Rust | Puccinia spp | |
| Snow damage | Pythium sp. | |
| Bunt | Tilletia caries and Tilletia faetida | |
| Willow | Black canker | Physalospora miyabeana |
| Scab | Venturia chlorospora | |
| Zinnia | Wilt |
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
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