How to determine Inorganic Phosphate

Phosphate Ortho, Inorganic and Total

Various forms of phosphate are used in the treatment of boilers and cooling systems. Orthophos phate ion, the simplest form has the formula PO4 =. It may also exist in water as H2 PO4 _or HPO 4=, depending on the pH. Complex forms of this ion, or polyphosphates, are also used for both scale control and corrosion protection in operating systems. Examples of complex inorganic phosphates are pyrophosphate, hexametaphosphate, and other polyphosphates.

How to prepare standard solution

Composition of Prepared Reagents

Reagent grade chemicals should be used in the preparation of all solutions. These reagents should be prepared only in a well-equipped laboratory, under the supervision of an experienced chemist. It is advisable to purchase these solutions from a laboratory supply house if complete laboratory facilities are not available for their preparation.

Acetic Acid-Sodium Acetate Buffer

How to determine pH of any solution

pH

Solution pH is measure of the concentration of active acid or base in solution. Exactly defined, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, but a simpler explanation is that pH is a number between 0 and 14, denoting various degrees of acidity or alkalinity. Neutral water has  pH of 7. Values below 7 and approaching 0 are increasingly acid while values from 7 to 14 are increasingly alkaline.

Pure water ionizes to produce hydrogen or acid ions (H+) and hydroxyl or alkaline ions (OH-) as illustrated.

How to determine level of Hydrazine

Hydrazine

Hydrazine in boiler water is an effective chemical oxygen scavenger, reacting with dissolved oxygen to produce nitrogen and water. These reaction products do not add solids to the boiler  water and are not corrosive to ferrous metals. For these reasons, hydrazine often is used rather than sodium sulfite as an oxygen scavenger in high pressure boiler.

How to determine metal ion concentration using photometric method

EDTA Chelant Demand Photometric Method

Theory of Test

How to determine hardness of water

Hardness, Titration Method (0-200 ppm) Theory of Test

This test is based on the determination of the total calcium and magnesium content of a sample by titration with a sequestering agent in the presence of an organic dye sensitive to calcium and magnesium ions. The endpoint, which occurs when all the calcium and magnesium ions are sequestered, is observed as a red to blue color change.

How to determine chloride ion concentration in water

Chloride Mohr Method (0-200 ppm)

The chlorides of calcium, magnesium, sodium iron and other cations normally found in water are extremely soluble. Since no precipitation occurs, the chlorides present in boiler and cooling waters are usually proportional to the cycles of concentration.

How to determine free carbon dioxide

Free Carbon Dioxide: Direct Titration Method, (0-100 ppm)

How to determine calcium level in water

Calcium, Titrimetric Method (0-200 ppm as CaCO3 )

The determination of calcium in a water analysis is closely allied to the determination of hardness, since hardness is caused primarily by the presence of calcium and magnesium.

Under certain circumstances, determination of calcium is made so as to subdivide the total hardness into calcium hardness and magnesium hardness. The total hardness minus the calcium hardness equals the magnesium hardness.

How to determine ammoni